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Cover: This micrograph shows a prototype of a silicon chip containing an integrated x-ray sensor (orange) and refrigerator. Tunnel junctions composed of an insulating layer between a metal and a superconductor form the heart of the refrigerator and are located at each corner of the square sensor. To learn how circuits made from such tunnel junctions can work as thermometers and solid-state refrigerators, turn to the article by Jukka Pekola, Robert Schoelkopf, and Joel Ullom on page 41. (Photo courtesy of Joel Ullom and Anna Clark.)

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Physics Today -- May 2004

Volume 57, Issue 5, pp. 9-77

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  • ARTICLES
  • PHYSICS UPDATE
  • REFERENCE FRAME
  • LETTERS
  • SEARCH AND DISCOVERY
  • ISSUES AND EVENTS
  • BOOKS
  • NEW PRODUCTS
  • WE HEAR THAT
  • OBITUARIES
    •

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    ARTICLES

      Light's Orbital Angular Momentum
      The realization that light beams can have quantized orbital angular momentum in addition to spin angular momentum has led, in recent years, to novel experiments in quantum mechanics and new methods for manipulating microparticles.
      Miles Padgett, Johannes Courtial, and Les Allen
      pp. 35-40
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (710 kB)  ]   

      Cryogenics on a Chip
      Low-temperature techniques often bring to mind cryogenic liquids, gas compressors, and massive installations. But researchers are now building refrigerators and sensors that work by controlling electrons on a silicon chip.
      Jukka Pekola, Robert Schoelkopf, and Joel Ullom
      pp. 41-47
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (752 kB)  ]   

      Conversations on Nonequilibrium Physics With an Extraterrestrial
      Nonequilibrium systems come in many varieties, and a number of not-yet-reconciled mathematical approaches can be applied to them.
      David Ruelle
      pp. 48-53
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (627 kB)  ]   

    PHYSICS UPDATE

    REFERENCE FRAME

    LETTERS

    SEARCH AND DISCOVERY

      Conflicting Results on a Long-Lived Nuclear Isomer of Hafnium Have Wider Implications
      The Pentagon is touting prospects, based on hotly disputed experiments, for a novel class of weapons intermediate between chemical high explosives and fission weapons.
      Bertram Schwarzschild
      pp. 21-24
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (438 kB)  ]   

      Smoke From Burning Vegetation Changes the Coverage and Behavior of Clouds
      Aerosols, such as smoke, help clouds to form by acting as nucleation sites for water droplets. But that's not the only way aerosols influence clouds.
      Charles Day
      pp. 24-26
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (480 kB)  ]   

    ISSUES AND EVENTS

      US Government Backs Off From Imposing Restrictions on Publishers
      In permitting one scholarly publisher's activities, the Treasury Department seems to have muddied the dispute over freedom of the press and, in addition, has warned against collaborations between US scientists and their colleagues in sanctioned countries.
      Toni Feder
      pp. 28-29
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (213 kB)  ]   

      Marburger Refutes Claims That Bush Administration Misuses Science
      White House rebuttal fails to persuade many in the science community.
      Jim Dawson and Paul Guinnessy
      pp. 29-30
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (261 kB)  ]   

      Yucca Mountain Workers Exposed to Dangerous Dust
      Jim Dawson
      pp. 30-31
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (385 kB)  ]   

      On the Mend, Gran Sasso Sacrifices Low-Energy Neutrino Observatory
      Toni Feder
      pp. 31-32
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (497 kB)  ]   

    BOOKS

      New Books

      pp. 60-63
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (931 kB)  ]   

    NEW PRODUCTS

    WE HEAR THAT

      AIP Gives Tate Medal to Schopper

      p. 72
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (152 kB)  ]   

      AAPT Presents Awards at Miami Meeting

      p. 72
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (152 kB)  ]   

      RAS Names Award Recipients

      p. 72
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (152 kB)  ]   

      NAE Elects 76 New Members

      pp. 72-73
      Abstract    Full Text: [ HTML   PDF (222 kB)  ]   

    OBITUARIES

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