Third-order optical nonlinearities of carbon nanotubes in the femtosecond regime
Femtosecond pump–probe experiments have been carried out on an ensemble of single-wall carbon nanotubes deposited on a glass substrate. Measurements of transient changes of transmission and refle...
Femtosecond pump–probe experiments have been carried out on an ensemble of single-wall carbon nanotubes deposited on a glass substrate. Measurements of transient changes of transmission and refle...
Gallium diffusion into self-assembled InAs quantum dots grown on indium phosphide substrates
The photoluminescence spectrum of small self-assembled In(Ga)As quantum dots grown on InP substrates is composed of distinct spectral lines. These lines correspond to monolayer variations in the dots ...
The photoluminescence spectrum of small self-assembled In(Ga)As quantum dots grown on InP substrates is composed of distinct spectral lines. These lines correspond to monolayer variations in the dots ...
Quantitative force measurements in liquid using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy
Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3575 (2004); doi:10.1063/1.1803932
Issue Date: 18 October 2004
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The measurement of short-range forces with the atomic force microscope (AFM) typically requires implementation of dynamic techniques to maintain sensitivity and stability. While frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) is used widely for high-resolution imaging and quantitative force measurements in vacuum, quantitative force measurements using FM-AFM in liquids have proven elusive. Here we demonstrate that the formalism derived for operation in vacuum can also be used in liquids, provided certain modifications are implemented. To facilitate comparison with previous measurements taken using surface forces apparatus, we choose a model system (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane) that is known to exhibit short-ranged structural ordering when confined between two surfaces. Force measurements obtained are found to be in excellent agreement with previously reported results. This study therefore establishes FM-AFM as a powerful tool for the quantitative measurement of forces in liquid.
©2004 American Institute of Physics
| History: | Received 24 June 2004; accepted 6 August 2004 |
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