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Electrostatic-discharge-induced degradation of 1.3  µm AlGaInAs/InP buried heterostructure laser diodes
Degradation of 1.3  µm AlGaInAs buried heterostructure laser diodes due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) is studied. The degradation mechanism of this material has not previously been ...

Photonic guiding structures in lithium niobate crystals produced by energetic ion beams

J. Appl. Phys. 106, 081101 (2009); doi:10.1063/1.3216517

Published 21 October 2009

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Feng Chen
School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
A range of ion beam techniques have been used to fabricate a variety of photonic guiding structures in the well-known lithium niobate (LiNbO3 or LN) crystals that are of great importance in integrated photonics/optics. This paper reviews the up-to-date research progress of ion-beam-processed LiNbO3 photonic structures and reports on their fabrication, characterization, and applications. Ion beams are being used with this material in a wide range of techniques, as exemplified by the following examples. Ion beam milling/etching can remove the selected surface regions of LiNbO3 crystals via the sputtering effects. Ion implantation and swift ion irradiation can form optical waveguide structures by modifying the surface refractive indices of the LiNbO3 wafers. Crystal ion slicing has been used to obtain bulk-quality LiNbO3 single-crystalline thin films or membranes by exfoliating the implanted layer from the original substrate. Focused ion beams can either generate small structures of micron or submicron dimensions, to realize photonic bandgap crystals in LiNbO3, or directly write surface waveguides or other guiding devices in the crystal. Ion beam-enhanced etching has been extensively applied for micro- or nanostructuring of LiNbO3 surfaces. Methods developed to fabricate a range of photonic guiding structures in LiNbO3 are introduced. Modifications of LiNbO3 through the use of various energetic ion beams, including changes in refractive index and properties related to the photonic guiding structures as well as to the materials (i.e., electro-optic, nonlinear optic, luminescent, and photorefractive features), are overviewed in detail. The application of these LiNbO3 photonic guiding structures in both micro- and nanophotonics are briefly summarized. ©2009 American Institute of Physics
History: Received 9 March 2009; accepted 25 June 2009; published 21 October 2009
Permalink: http://link.aip.org/link/?JAPIAU/106/081101/1
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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords
PACS
  • 42.86.+b
    Optical workshop techniques
  • 42.79.Gn
    Optical waveguides and couplers
  • 42.70.Qs
    Photonic bandgap materials
  • 42.82.Cr
    Optical fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer (integrated optics)
  • 42.82.Et
    Optical waveguides, couplers, and arrays (integrated optics)
  • YEAR: 2009

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PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN:
0021-8979 (print)   1089-7550 (online)
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