Systematic measurements of identified particle spectra in pp, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at the STAR detector

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(STAR Collaboration)

¹Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
²University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
³Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
⁴University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁵University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
⁶University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
⁷Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
⁸Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
⁹University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
¹⁰Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
¹¹Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, CZ-25068 Řež/Prague, Czech Republic
¹²Laboratory for High Energy (JINR), Dubna, Russia
¹³Particle Physics Laboratory (JINR), Dubna, Russia
¹⁴Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
¹⁵Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
¹⁶Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
¹⁷Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France
¹⁸University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India
¹⁹Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
²⁰University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, USA
²¹Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
²²Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²³Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
²⁴Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany
²⁵Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
²⁶Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
²⁷City College of New York, New York City, New York 10031, USA
²⁸NIKHEF and Utrecht University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
²⁹Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
³⁰Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
³¹Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
³²Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
³³Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
³⁴Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
³⁵University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
³⁶Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA
³⁷Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
³⁸University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
³⁹Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
⁴⁰SUBATECH, Nantes, France
⁴¹Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
⁴²University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
⁴³Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
⁴⁴United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA
⁴⁵Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, USA
⁴⁶Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India
⁴⁷Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
⁴⁸University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
⁴⁹Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
⁵⁰Institute of Particle Physics, CCNU (HZNU), Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
⁵¹Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
⁵²University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10002, Croatia

Received 18 August 2008; published 24 March 2009

Identifiedcharged-particle spectra of ^±, K^±, p, and [overline p] at midrapidity(|y|<0.1) measured by the dE/dx method in the STAR (solenoidaltracker at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) time projectionchamber are reported for pp and d+Au collisions at sqrt(s[sub NN]) =200GeV and for Au+Au collisions at 62.4, 130, and 200GeV. Average transverse momenta, total particle production, particle yield ratios,strangeness, and baryon production rates are investigated as a functionof the collision system and centrality. The transverse momentum spectraare found to be flatter for heavy particles than forlight particles in all collision systems; the effect is moreprominent for more central collisions. The extracted average transverse momentumof each particle species follows a trend determined by thetotal charged-particle multiplicity density. The Bjorken energy density estimate isat least several GeV/fm³ for a formation time less than1 fm/c. A significantly larger net-baryon density and a strongerincrease of the net-baryon density with centrality are found inAu+Au collisions at 62.4 GeV than at the two higherenergies. Antibaryon production relative to total particle multiplicity is foundto be constant over centrality, but increases with the collisionenergy. Strangeness production relative to total particle multiplicity is similarat the three measured RHIC energies. Relative strangeness production increasesquickly with centrality in peripheral Au+Au collisions, to a valueabout 50% above the pp value, and remains rather constantin more central collisions. Bulk freeze-out properties are extracted fromthermal equilibrium model and hydrodynamics-motivated blast-wave model fits to thedata. Resonance decays are found to have little effect onthe extracted kinetic freeze-out parameters because of the transverse momentumrange of our measurements. The extracted chemical freeze-out temperature isconstant, independent of collision system or centrality; its value isclose to the predicted phase-transition temperature, suggesting that chemical freeze-outhappens in the vicinity of hadronization and the chemical freeze-outtemperature is universal despite the vastly different initial conditions inthe collision systems. The extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature, while similarto the chemical freeze-out temperature in pp, d+Au, and peripheralAu+Au collisions, drops significantly with centrality in Au+Au collisions, whereasthe extracted transverse radial flow velocity increases rapidly with centrality.There appears to be a prolonged period of particle elasticscatterings from chemical to kinetic freeze-out in central Au+Au collisions.The bulk properties extracted at chemical and kinetic freeze-out areobserved to evolve smoothly over the measured energy range, collisionsystems, and collision centralities.

URL:	http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevC.79.034909
DOI:	10.1103/PhysRevC.79.034909
PACS:	25.75.Nq; 25.75.Dw; 24.85.+p 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase transitions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions 25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions 24.85.+p Quarks, gluons and QCD in nuclear reactions YEAR: 2009

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Phys. Rev. C 79, 034909 (2009) [58 pages]

Systematic measurements of identified particle spectra in pp, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at the STAR detector

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