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High precision ac susceptometer for measuring the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the penetration depth in superconductor single crystals

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 3816 (2000); doi:10.1063/1.1311945

Issue Date: October 2000

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C. P. Bidinosti and W. N. Hardy
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
An ac susceptometer has been developed for very sensitive measurement of the magnetic moment of small samples as a function of temperature and applied dc field. The system was designed specifically for measurements on small single crystals of the high Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7–delta in the Meissner state. The natural platelet geometry of these crystals allows results to be easily transcribed into changes in the material's magnetic field penetration depth, Deltalambda, an important quantity in the exploration of the underlying physics of its superconductivity. The resolution of the technique is of the order of one tenth of an angstrom for a sample of area ~2 mm2. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.
History: Received 18 April 2000; accepted 28 July 2000
Permalink: http://link.aip.org/link/?RSINAK/71/3816/1
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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords
PACS
  • 07.55.Jg
    Instruments, apparatus, components, and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy Magnetic components, instruments and techniques Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
  • 74.25.Ha
    Superconductivity General properties; correlations between physical properties in normal and superconducting states Magnetic properties
  • 74.72.Bk
    Superconductivity High-Tc compounds Y-based cuprates
  • YEAR: 2000

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PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN:
0034-6748 (print)   1089-7623 (online)
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REFERENCES (16)
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  1. D. A. Bonn and W. N. Hardy, in Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, edited by D. M. Ginsberg (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996), Vol. V;
  2. W. N. Hardy, S. Kamal, and D. A. Bonn, in The Gap Symmetry and Fluctuations in High-Tc Superconductors, edited by J. Bok, G. Deutscher, D. Pavuna, and S. A. Wolf (Plenum, New York, 1998).
  3. D. Xu, S. K. Yip, and J. A. Sauls, Phys. Rev. B 51, 16233 (1995);
    4. I. Zutic and O. T. Valls, 58, 8738 (1998);
    T. Dahm and D. J. Scalapino, 60, 13125 (1999);
    M.-R. Li, P. J. Hirschfeld, and P. Wölfe, 61, 648 (2000).
  4. (a) A. Bhattacharya, I. Zutic, O. T. Valls, A. M. Goldman, U. Welp, and B. Veal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3132 (1999);
    5. (b) A. Carrington, R. W. Giannetta, J. T. Kim, and J. Giapintzakis, Phys. Rev. B 59, R14173 (1999);
    (c) C. P. Bidinosti, W. N. Hardy, D. A. Bonn, and R. Liang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3277 (1999).
  5. F. Gömöry, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 10, 523 (1997), and references therein.
  6. See, for example, A. F. Deutz, R. Hulstman, and F. J. Kranenburg, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60, 113 (1989);
    7. Also several articles in Magnetic Susceptibility of Superconductors and Other Spin Systems, edited by R. A. Hein, T. L. Francavilla, and D. H. Liebenberg (Plenum, New York, 1991).
  7. Note that for commercial copper, which has a typical resistivity ratio rho300/rho4.2~100, the skin depth at 10 kHz is ~20 µm, which is much smaller than the inner diameter of the dc coil form. For the purpose of calculating ac field profiles one can take delta~=0. We also note that field dependent susceptibilities of the copper walls may contribute to the susceptometer output, due to unavoidable asymmetries in geometry or material parameters. However, such signals, if they exist, will be subtracted by the data collection procedure.
  8. S. Sridhar and W. L. Kennedy, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 531 (1988);
    9. D. L. Rubin et al., Phys. Rev. B 38, 6538 (1988).
  9. CernoxTM resistor, model CX-1050-BG, was purchased from Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., 575 McCorkle Boulevard, Westerville, OH, 43082.
  10. S. T. Smith and D.G. Chetwynd, Foundations of Ultraprecision Mechanism Design (Gordon and Breach Science, Philadelphia, 1992), p. 102.
  11. The sapphire rod was purchased from Crystal Systems, Inc., 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. The sapphire was certified to be of optical quality, 99.996% pure, and the optical axis within ±2° of the axis of the rod. Precision grinding of the form was done by Imetra, Inc., 200 Clearbrook Road, Elmsford, NY 10523.
  12. The niobium wire, 0.0076 cm in diameter with Formvar coating, was purchased from Supercon, Inc., 830 Boston Turnpike, Shrewsbury, MA 01545. The copper wire, 99.99% pure and 0.010 cm in diameter with Formvar coating, was purchased from California Fine Wire Co., Grover Beach, CA 93433.
  13. The core is made from VITROVACTM 6025 F, a high permeability material produced by Vacuumschmelze GmbH, Grüner Weg 37, P.O. Box 2253, D-6450 Hanau 1, Germany.
  14. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, 2nd ed. (McGraw–Hill International, Singapore, 1996).
  15. S. Kamal, R. Liang, A. Hosseini, D. A. Bonn, and W. N. Hardy, Phys. Rev. B 58, R8933 (1998).
  16. D. S. Fisher, M. P. A. Fisher, and D. A. Huse, Phys. Rev. B 43, 130 (1991), especially Sec. IV.
  17. The resolution in emu is given by deltam = (2Adeltalambda)H×103, where A is the area of the crystal (~2×10–6 m2), deltalambda is the quoted resolution for the penetration depth (~10–11 m), H is the ac field (~2.5×10–4/µ0 A/m), and 103 is the conversion from SI units. To achieve this resolution a total of 80 s averaging time was used per field value. For comparison, the Oxford Instruments' magnetic properties probe has a root mean square noise base of 2×10–8 emu when operating at 1000 Hz with a 1 Oe drive field and using a 3 s time constant (see www.oxinst.com/ri/measure/maglabprobes.htm). To directly compare the systems, one must scale signal to noise with respect to frequency, drive field, and square root of the averaging time.

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