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The model of Zhao and Suo can be readily generalized to predict the critical breakdown electric field E_c of elastomers with arbitrary elastic strain energy function. An explicit expression for E_c is presented for elastomeric thin films under biaxial strain and comparisons are made with experimental data using a two term Ogden rubber elasticity model. Simplified results for uniaxial and for equibiaxial stress provide further insight into the electromechanical stability model. ©2008 American Institute of Physics

Contents

• BODY OF ARTICLE
• REFERENCES
• FIGURES
• FOOTNOTES

The paper of Zhao and Suo¹ describes a fully nonlinear electromechanical model for the phenomenon of electrical breakdown in thin elastomers. The purpose of this comment is to point out some analytical simplifications which provide further insight into their model and to provide explicit formulas useful for elastomer design.

The results here stem from the observation that the determinant of the Hessian H of Eq. (4) in Ref. 1 may be factored, leading to semiexplicit formulas for the critical values of the electrical and mechanical parameters. It may be checked that the determinant reduces to a quadratic in z,

where the nondimensional parameter z is

and all other notation follows.¹ The roots of the quadratic are real and of opposite sign, so there is a unique positive value of z at which the Hessian is no longer positive definite. It turns out that the same structure of the Hessian is retained for free energy of the form

where U(₁,₂)=(₁,₂,). An equation similar to Eq. (1) is obtained, and taking the single positive root shows that the critical value of the electric field satisfies

where U_ij=²U/_ij. If the stretches ₁ and ₂ are prescribed, then Eq. (4) is sufficient to estimate the critical field strength. Otherwise, if the nominal stresses s₁ and s₂ are prescribed then the stretches are determined from

Under equibiaxial strain ₁=₂=, Eq. (4) becomes

where the critical value of the stress s₁=s₂=s is

Consider the Ogden model for rubber²

for which the critical electrical field strength is

If the stress is prescribed then is given by

These parameterize the critical electrical and mechanical fields in terms of .

Values of the critical breakdown voltage for the elastomer VHB 4905/4910 have been reported by Plante and Dubowsky³ and by Kofod et al.⁴ Assuming the Ogden model with N=2, Plante and Dubowsky³ measured values of ₁=1.445(1.450), ₂=4.248(8.360), µ₁=43  560(112,200)  Pa, µ₂=117.4(0.1045)  Pa for elastomer films of initial thickness L₃=1.5  mm at low (high) stretch rates. Using these values, the critical breakdown voltage V_c=L_3c predicted by Eq. (9) is compared with the data of Refs. 3,4 in Fig. 1. The material dielectric constant was chosen as _d=12 to fit the curves with the data, where =_d0 and ₀=8.85×10⁻¹²  F/m is the free space permittivity. The agreement is reasonable, given that the experiments were not performed in a state of pure equibiaxial stress. Unlike previous theories, e.g., Ref. 5 the Zhao and Suo model provides an estimate of the breakdown strength that takes into account nonlinear electromechanical effects.

Figure 1.

Some useful explicit results can be determined for the one term Ogden model (N=1,₁,µ₁,,µ). Under equibiaxial stress the critical stretch satisfies _c where _c=[(4+2)/(4−)]^1/(3) is the s=0 value. This obviously requires that <4. The critical field E_c has a unique minimum at ₀=[2(2+1)/(−1)]^1/(3) if >1. Zhao and Suo¹ considered =2, for which _c1.26, ₀1.47 and the minimum value of E_c is 1.038.

Finally, we note that the neo-Hookean constitutive model of Zhao and Suo¹ is apparently unique among the N=1 Ogden models in that it yields a simple formula for uniaxial stress. Thus, Eq. (5) with N=1, =2 for j=2 and s₂=0 yields the relation =3/(−1) between the stretches. Hence, we can parameterize the critical values in terms of 1<_2c1.26:

In this case, E_c is a monotonically decreasing function of the stress s₁, and E_c1 in the limit of large uniaxial stress. Figure 3(b) in Ref. 1 indicates that this is the smallest achievable value of the critical electric field strength. Generalization of the formulas (10) to 2 is possible but far more complicated.

In summary, the model of Zhao and Suo readily generalizes to arbitrary elastic strain energy. The explicit results reported here, such as Eq. (4), can be used to compare different elastic constitutive models, and should be helpful in the design of elastomeric actuators.

1. X. Zhao and Z. Suo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 061921 (2007). [ISI] first citation in article
   
2. R. W. Ogden, Non-Linear Elastic Deformations (Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, 1984). first citation in article
   
3. J.-S. Plante and S. Dubowsky, Int. J. Solids Struct. 43, 7727 (2006). [Inspec] first citation in article
   
4. G. Kofod, R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, and P. Sommer–Larsen, in Proceedings of Smart Structures and Materials 2001: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) (SPIE, San Diego, CA, 2001), Vol. 4329, pp. 141––147. first citation in article
   
5. T. Blythe and D. Bloor, Electrical Properties of Polymers (Cambridge University Press, London, 2005). first citation in article
   

Full figure

Fig. 1. The data show reported critical breakdown voltages as a function of the equibiaxial prestrain for films of VHB 4905/4910 elastomer, from Refs. 3,4. The curves are the predictions of Eq. (9) using the elasticity parameters from Ref. 3 with _d=12. First citation in article

^aElectronic mail: norris@rutgers.edu.

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