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Fig. 1. Direction of force arising from charged particle moving in a magnetic field. First citation in article

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Fig. 2. Design of a simple MHD boat. First citation in article

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Fig. 3. Relationship of magnetic field, current, and force in the water channel. First citation in article

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Fig. 4. Water channel orientation. First citation in article

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Fig. 5. Magnetic field strength between magnets. First citation in article

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Fig. 6. Average magnetic field strength as a function of magnet separation. The curve represents the function B_avg = AW² + BW + C, where A = 248 T/m², B = –19.3 T/m, and C = 0.45 T. First citation in article

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Fig. 7. Normalized force as a function of magnet separation (channel width). First citation in article

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Fig. 8. Dimensions of final MHD boat design (cm). First citation in article

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Fig. 9. MHD boat operational setup. First citation in article