For decades, the promise of fusion energy has had a bad rap for hovering perpetually 20 or more years down the road. That's a reputation supporters may soon get a chance to change if cash comes through for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. In late February, the European Commission included 200 million euros (roughly $187 million) toward the $4 billion tokamak in its draft Sixth Framework Programme, the European R&D budget for 2003-06.
The inclusion of ITER, which is intended to show the feasibility of fusion energy, came after Europe's research ministers gave the project the nod. At an informal gathering in January, they discussed four scenarios: wiping out fusion research, cutting back to a US-style science-only fusion program, proceeding with an ITER that would be constructed abroad, or supporting ITER at a level such that it could be built in Europe. The research ministers favored pursuing the last two options simultaneously, according to observers.
"It's a big step toward proceeding with ITER," says Karl Lackner, who heads the European Fusion Development Agreement from Garching, Germany. "It comes in the wake of other steps, such as the proposal to consider Cadarache [the French nuclear research center] as a site. This sequence builds momentum."
Europe's ITER partners are Japan and Russia, the US having dropped out in 1998. Since then, the plans for ITER have been scaled down in size and cost (see Physics Today, March 2000, page 65*, and September 2000, page 56*). At the soonest, construction could start around 2004, with operations beginning eight or so years later.
But fusion researchers' pleasure at the prospect of starting to build ITER is tempered by an overall cut in fusion funding. When the total Sixth Framework Progamme had to be trimmed by 300 million euros to 17.5 billion euros, fusion took the brunt, losing 100 million euros. That cut is widely seen as being politically motivated, since Budget Commissioner Michaele Schreyer is a member of Germany's Green Party, which opposes fusion energy.
Despite the cut to the fusion budget, Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin pumped up the amount earmarked for ITER, from 120 million to 200 million euros. Asked why by members of the European Parliament, Busquin said, "I think we have to think about this issue. We cannot postpone a decision [on ITER] any longer."
As it stands, the draft Sixth Framework Programme allots 700 million euros for fusion, including the ITER money, falling shy of the 788 million euros in the present budget, which runs through 2002. The European money covers about 40% of Europe's fusion research, with the rest coming from national budgets.
The shortfall is likely to pit ITER against other fusion projects, such as the Joint European Torus in the UK and the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator in Germany. "It poses a real dilemma," says Lackner. "But the fact that ITER is specifically mentioned means we should use this budget to start something new."
There's a "fighting chance" that fusion funding will be upped, Lackner adds. The Sixth Framework Programme--whose main areas are genomics and biotechnology, information technology, nanotechnology, aeronautics and space, food safety and health risks, sustainable development and global change, and citizens and governance in European society--still has to wind its way through both the European Council, which includes strong proponents of fusion, and the European Parliament, which appears to be divided on this issue. Changes in both the amounts and areas of funding are likely.
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