Kenneth Ingvard Greisen, professor
of physics emeritus at Cornell University, died of cancer in Ithaca, New York, on 17 March 2007.
Greisen's career in experimental cosmic-ray physics extended from his graduate work at Cornell
to innovative experiments in the 1960s and 1970s. He will be most remembered for his realization
that the cosmic microwave background limits the high-energy end of the spectrum of cosmic-ray
protons that travel astronomical distances.
Born in Perth Amboy, New
Jersey, on 24 January 1918, Greisen graduated from Franklin and Marshall College in Pennsylvania
in 1938. He entered Cornell for graduate work in physics, where he was the first US graduate student
of Bruno Rossi. His 1942 PhD thesis was titled "Intensity of Cosmic Rays at Low Altitude and the Origin
of the Soft Component." His joint 1941 review article with Rossi, "Cosmic-Ray Theory" in Reviews
of Modern Physics (volume 13, page 240), was a standard for many years.
From 1943 to 1946 Greisen
was a member of the group of physicists who worked on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. As one of
the leaders of the detonation team, he was an observer at the Trinity test on 16 July 1945. His eyewitness
report of that world-changing event is an important historical record. His comment "My God! It
worked!" was typical of him.
Greisen returned to Cornell
in 1946 as an assistant professor and thus initiated his 40-year career as a physics researcher,
physics educator, mentor of students and postdocs, and public servant to the university community.
Greisen's investigations
of cosmic rays ranged from using detectors on high mountains and far underground in salt mines to
using balloons to send gamma-ray detectors into the high atmosphere. With a gas Cherenkov detector
in a 1971 balloon flight, he and his colleagues observed gamma rays from the Crab Nebula that were
synchronized with its pulsar.
After the 1965 discovery
of the cosmic microwave background, Greisen (and independently Georgii Zatsepin and Vadim Kuzmin)
realized that the number of cosmic-ray protons at energies above 6 ×
1019 eV is greatly reduced due to interactions with the microwaves. This GZK cutoff
would virtually eliminate the highest-energy protons that travel cosmological distances.
Due to the extremely low
rate of air showers with energies above 1019 eV, detectors of enormous size are required
to detect cosmic rays above the GZK limit. Greisen and his group at Cornell designed a method of observing
air showers that uses the fluorescent light created as the shower proceeds through the atmosphere.
Near Ithaca in 1964–71, they observed the night sky with arrays of phototubes arranged in
a "fly's eye" configuration. This method was significantly refined and improved by physicists
at the University of Utah and became the basis for the High Resolution (HiRes) Fly's Eye experiment.
In March 2007 the HiRes collaboration reported observation of the suppression of cosmic rays with
energies above the GZK limit (see PHYSICS TODAY, May 2007, page 17). Fluorescence detectors are
one of the two principal components of the Pierre Auger Observatory, currently nearing completion
in Argentina to study cosmic rays near and beyond the GZK limit.
Along with Cornell colleagues
Philip Morrison and Hans Bethe, Greisen contributed to the work of the MIT-based Physical Science
Study Committee (the source of the PSSC high-school physics curriculum) in the late 1950s. In 1969
he presided over a team from the Cornell department of science education and a group of physics colleagues
working on a major revision of a 400-student introductory physics course. The result was an innovative,
self-paced, auto-tutorial course that retains that format today. His service to the wider Cornell
community included a term as university ombudsman from 1975 to 1977 and a term as dean of the university
faculty from 1978 to 1983.
In 1971 Greisen cofounded
the high-energy astrophysics division of the American Astronomical Society, and he was its first
chair. He was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974.
In both the world of physics
and the wider world, Greisen displayed a deep sense of responsibility to the people around him.
His students and postdocs remember him as a brilliant physicist who was kind and generous and who
encouraged them by respecting their competence. At a time when very few women attempted careers
in physics, Greisen was exceptionally supportive of those who did.
Greisen enjoyed the outdoors
and music; he played the flute and sang in choirs. Following his retirement in 1986, his persistent
concern for the welfare of others led him to do volunteer work with various local organizations
that served people in the community who were marginalized by age or economic circumstance.
Greisen combined his unfailing
attention to the needs of those around him with a career in experimental physics at the top of his
field. Cosmic-ray physics continues to be shaped by his accomplishments and those of his younger
colleagues.
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