Review of Scientific Instruments: All Topics

Experimental evidence of an incomplete thermalization of the energy in an x-ray microcalorimeter with a Ta/Au absorber

E. Perinati, M. Barbera, S. Varisco, E. Silver, J. Beeman et al.
We have conducted an experimental test at our XACT facility using an x-ray microcalorimeter with Ta/Au absorber and neutron transmutation doped germanium thermal sensor. The test was aimed at measuring the percentage of energy effectively thermalized after absorption of x-ray photons in superconduct ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053905 (2008)] published Thu May 15, 2008.

Quantitative imaging of Young's modulus of solids: A contact-mechanics study

H. Ogi, T. Inoue, H. Nagai, and M. Hirao
We developed equipment and methods for measuring quantitatively the local Young's modulus of solids. It consists of an electrodeless langasite oscillator and line antennas, and oscillator vibrations are generated and detected contactlessly. A constant biasing force results from oscillator mass and i ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053701 (2008)] published Thu May 15, 2008.

The compact capacitor bank CQ-1.5 employed in magnetically driven isentropic compression and high velocity flyer plate experiments

Guiji Wang, Chengwei Sun, Fuli Tan, Jianheng Zhao, Ning Zhang et al.
Based on the low inductance capacitor, the parallel-plate transmission line, and the explosive network closing switch, a compact pulsed power generator CQ-1.5 has been developed at the Institute of Fluid Physics and is capable to deliver a current of peak of 1.5 MA within rise time of 500570 ns in ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053904 (2008)] published Wed May 14, 2008.

Inductively coupled probe for the measurement of partial discharges

Guillermo Robles, Juan Manuel Martinez, Monica Rojas, and Javier Sanz
Partial discharges are a transient phenomena whose measurement is remarkably important for electrical equipment diagnosis and maintenance. These discharges appear in the measurement circuit as very narrow current pulses of some nanoseconds. Therefore, discharge pulse detection is a particularly diff ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 055104 (2008)] published Wed May 14, 2008.

Unfolding core asymmetries with x-ray emission images in symmetry diagnostic experiments

T. X. Huang, Y. K. Ding, Z. J. Zheng, W. Y. Miao, Z. R. Cao et al.
A novel inversion technique is proposed to unfold core asymmetries at the source with x-ray emission images, which were obtained from imploded surrogate capsules in symmetry diagnostic experiments. The axisymmetrical core emission can be expanded as a Fourier series, with Legendre polynomials and sp ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053503 (2008)] published Wed May 14, 2008.

Ion thermalization using pressure transients in a quadrupole ion trap coupled to a vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization source and a reflectron time-of-flight mass analyzer

D. Papanastasiou, O. Belgacem, M. Sudakov, and E. Raptakis
Efficient trapping and detection of intact peptide ions is demonstrated in a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) coupled to an external vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source. Deactivation of metastable ions generated by MALDI is achieved in a pressure transient environment inside t ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 055103 (2008)] published Wed May 14, 2008.

Wedged multilayer Laue lens

Ray Conley, Chian Liu, Jun Qian, Cameron M. Kewish, Albert T. Macrander et al.
A multilayer Laue lens (MLL) is an x-ray focusing optic fabricated from a multilayer structure consisting of thousands of layers of two different materials produced by thin-film deposition. The sequence of layer thicknesses is controlled to satisfy the Fresnel zone plate law and the multilayer is se ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053104 (2008)] published Wed May 14, 2008.

A cubic boron nitride gasket for diamond-anvil experiments

Nobumasa Funamori and Tomoko Sato
To maximize the thickness of the sample chamber in high-pressure experiments, we have conducted tests and have developed techniques relevant to the cubic boron nitride (c-BN) gasket for diamond-anvil cells. The c-BN gasket provides a sample chamber several times thicker than conventional metal gaske ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053903 (2008)] published Tue May 13, 2008.

Setup for in situ deep level transient spectroscopy of semiconductors during swift heavy ion irradiation

Sandeep Kumar, Sugam Kumar, Y. S. Katharria, C. P. Safvan, and D. Kanjilal
A computerized system for in situ deep level characterization during irradiation in semiconductors has been set up and tested in the beam line for materials science studies of the 15 MV Pelletron accelerator at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi. This is a new facility for in situ i ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 056103 (2008)] published Mon May 12, 2008.

Invited Article: Design techniques and noise properties of ultrastable cryogenically cooled sapphire-dielectric resonator oscillators

C. R. Locke, E. N. Ivanov, J. G. Hartnett, P. L. Stanwix, and M. E. Tobar
We review the techniques used in the design and construction of cryogenic sapphire oscillators at the University of Western Australia over the 18 year history of the project. We describe the project from its beginnings when sapphire oscillators were first developed as low-noise transducers for grav ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 051301 (2008)] published Mon May 12, 2008.

Preparation of ortho-para ratio controlled D[sub 2] gas for muon-catalyzed fusion

H. Imao, K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, T. Matsuzaki, Y. Matsuda et al.
A negative muon in hydrogen targets, e.g., D or DT mixture, can catalyze nuclear fusions following a series of atomic processes involving muonic hydrogen molecular formation (muon-catalyzed fusion, [mu]CF). The ortho-para state of D is a crucial parameter not only for enhancing the fusion rate but a ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053502 (2008)] published Fri May 9, 2008.

A broadband Fourier transform microwave spectrometer based on chirped pulse excitation

Gordon G. Brown, Brian C. Dian, Kevin O. Douglass, Scott M. Geyer, Steven T. Shipman et al.
Designs for a broadband chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectrometer are presented. The spectrometer is capable of measuring the 718 GHz region of a rotational spectrum in a single data acquisition. One design uses a 4.2 Gsamples/s arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to produce ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053103 (2008)] published Fri May 9, 2008.

Ultrahard diamond indenter prepared from nanopolycrystalline diamond

H. Sumiya, K. Harano, and T. Irifune
Knoop indenters were prepared from nanopolycrystalline diamonds (NPDs) synthesized by direct conversion sintering from graphite under high pressure and high temperature. Owing to the fine structure (grain size: 10100 nm) of NPD, high-accuracy sharp edges could be formed at the indenter tips. The in ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 056102 (2008)] published Thu May 8, 2008.

Use of GafChromic film to diagnose laser generated proton beams

D. S. Hey, M. H. Key, A. J. Mackinnon, A. G. MacPhee, P. K. Patel et al.
A calibration of three types of GafChromic radiochromic film (HS, MD-55, and HD-810) was carried out on the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory's 76 in. cyclotron at UC Davis over doses ranging from 0.001 to 15 kGy. The film was digitized with a scanning microdensitometer with which it was scanned twice ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053501 (2008)] published Thu May 8, 2008.

Demonstration of a tunable two-frequency projected fringe pattern with acousto-optic deflectors

S. Dupont and J. C. Kastelik
We report on a fringe projector for three-dimensional shape measurement. The developed instrument is able to project a two-frequency fringe pattern, each frequency is independently controlled by electronics. Moreover, each phase of the two fringe patterns is also independently adjusted. The projecti ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 056101 (2008)] published Wed May 7, 2008.

Stable microwave coaxial cavity plasma system at atmospheric pressure

H. Song, J. M. Hong, K. H. Lee, and J. J. Choi
We present a systematic study of the development of a novel atmospheric microwave plasma system for material processing in the pressure range up to 760 torr and the microwave input power up to 6 kW. Atmospheric microwave plasma was reliably produced and sustained by using a cylindrical resonator w ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 054702 (2008)] published Wed May 7, 2008.

Thermodynamic measurements of submilligram bulk samples using a membrane-based ``calorimeter on a chip''

David W. Cooke, K. J. Michel, and F. Hellman
Calorimetry offers a direct measurement of thermodynamic properties of materials, including information on the energetics of phase transitions. Many materials can only be prepared in thin film or small crystal (submilligram) form, negating the use of traditional bulk techniques. The use of micromach ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053902 (2008)] published Tue May 6, 2008.

A subnanosecond pulsed ion source for micrometer focused ion beams

C. Hohr, D. Fischer, R. Moshammer, A. Dorn, and J. Ullrich
A new, compact design of an ion source delivers nanosecond pulsed ion beams with low emittance, which can be focused to micrometer size. By using a high-power, 25 fs laser pulse focused into a gas region of 10 mbar, ions at very low temperatures are produced in the small laser focal volume of 5 [ ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053102 (2008)] published Tue May 6, 2008.

Microthermogravimetry using a microcantilever hot plate with integrated temperature-compensated piezoresistive strain sensors

Jungchul Lee and William P. King
This paper reports thermogravimetric analysis of nanogram samples of paraffin using a microcantilever hot plate. The microcantilever hot plate has an integrated temperature-controlled heater and integrated temperature-compensated strain-sensing piezoresistors. The microcantilever vibration amplitude ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 054901 (2008)] published Tue May 6, 2008.

A versatile all-optical Bose--Einstein condensates apparatus

Y. C. Wenas and M. D. Hoogerland
We report on the construction of an all-optical BoseEinstein condensate apparatus by using a CO laser trap. We also report on measurements of the trap frequency by applying a periodic perturbation to the trap potential. The derived trap parameters agree well with the design parameters. ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053101 (2008)] published Tue May 6, 2008.

A high voltage programmable ramp generator

J. Upadhyay, M. J. Joshi, P. P. Deshpande, M. L. Sharma, and C. P. Navathe
In this paper, a ramp generator with programmable slope is presented. It consists of a high voltage step generator, followed by integrator. The capacitor and inductor in the integrator are designed such that they can be varied by a microcontroller. This circuit generates two bipolar ramps with faste ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 054701 (2008)] published Mon May 5, 2008.

A demountable nonmagnetic multiconductor feedthrough suitable for use in liquid helium applications

Christopher D. Bass
A superfluid-helium-tight nonmagnetic electrical feedthrough has been developed by using brass pins embedded within an epoxy resin plug and mounted on a beryllium copper Conflat flange. A method for building these feedthroughs is discussed, and their performance history is described. ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 055101 (2008)] published Mon May 5, 2008.

Residual currents detected with a correcting electrode in a modified Bayard--Alpert hot-cathode-ionization gauge

Hiroshi Saeki and Tamotsu Magome
A nude-type hot-cathode-ionization-gauge head with correcting electrode and shield tube, succeeded in reducing practical pressure-measurement errors caused by an influx of photoelectrons in a synchrotron radiation environment. In the development of this modified BayardAlpert hot-cathode-ionization g ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 055102 (2008)] published Mon May 5, 2008.

Construction of a low-temperature thermodynamic measurement system for single crystal of molecular compounds under pressures

Osamu Kubota and Yasuhiro Nakazawa
An apparatus to obtain low-temperature thermodynamic information under high pressures for a tiny single crystal of molecular compounds was developed based on the ac technique. To detect small temperature oscillation of a sample inside the cramp-type pressure cell, we have used a small ruthenium oxid ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053901 (2008)] published Mon May 5, 2008.

Improved frequency/voltage converters for fast quartz crystal microbalance applications

R. Torres, J. V. Garcia, A. Arnau, H. Perrot, L. To Thi Kim et al.
The monitoring of frequency changes in fast quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) applications is a real challenge in today's instrumentation. In these applications, such as ac electrogravimetry, small frequency shifts, in the order of tens of hertz, around the resonance of the sensor can occur up to a ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 045113 (2008)] published Wed Apr 30, 2008.

Precise measurement of the resolution in light microscopy using Fourier transform

Arnold Vainrub
The resolution power of light microscope has been accurately measured (5%) by Fourier transform of various object images and further evaluation of the highest spatial frequency in Fourier spectrum. Any unknown shape plane object with a shape feature's size smaller than the resolution to be measured ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 046112 (2008)] published Wed Apr 30, 2008.

High-throughput analysis of thin-film stresses using arrays of micromachined cantilever beams

Hyun-Jong Kim, Jun-Hyun Han, Roy Kaiser, Kyu Hwan Oh, and Joost J. Vlassak
We report on a technique for making high-throughput residual stress measurements on thin films by means of micromachined cantilever beams and an array of parallel laser beams. In this technique, the film of interest is deposited onto a silicon substrate with micromachined cantilever beams. The resid ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 045112 (2008)] published Wed Apr 30, 2008.

Secondary electron emission from distributed ion scattering off surfaces for space instrumentation

P. Devoto, J.-L. Medale, and J.-A. Sauvaud
We present an alternative method for generating start electrons for time of flight (TOF) space plasma analyzers. The technique presented here takes advantage of the processes occurring during the scattering of the particles off a surface, i.e., kinetic electron emission. The use of a thin microchann ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 046111 (2008)] published Wed Apr 30, 2008.

Simulating ion beam extraction from a single aperture triode acceleration column: A comparison of the beam transport codes IGUN and PBGUNS with test stand data

A. Patel, J. S. C. Wills, and W. T. Diamond
Ion beam extraction from two different ion sources with single aperture triode extraction columns was simulated with the particle beam transport codes PBGUNS and IGUN. For each ion source, the simulation results are compared to experimental data generated on well-equipped test stands. Both codes rep ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043304 (2008)] published Wed Apr 30, 2008.

Measurement of incident position of hypervelocity particles on piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate detector

Seiji Takechi, Toshiyuki Onishi, Shigeyuki Minami, Takashi Miyachi, Masayuki Fujii et al.
A cosmic dust detector for use onboard a satellite is currently being developed by using piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The characteristics of the PZT detector have been studied by bombarding it with hypervelocity iron (Fe) particles supplied by a Van de Graaff accelerator. One central ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043303 (2008)] published Tue Apr 29, 2008.

Development of a magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance probe with a cryogenic detection system for sensitivity enhancement

Takashi Mizuno, Katsuya Hioka, Koji Fujioka, and K. Takegoshi
A novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe for high-resolution solid-state NMR has been developed. In this probe, temperature of the detection coil is kept at cryogenic temperature (~12 K) for sensitivity enhancement, which is achieved not only by suppression of thermal noise but also by increm ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 044706 (2008)] published Mon Apr 28, 2008.

Optical diagnostics of mercury jet for an intense proton target

H. Park, T. Tsang, H. G. Kirk, F. Ladeinde, V. B. Graves et al.
An optical diagnostic system is designed and constructed for imaging a free mercury jet interacting with a high intensity proton beam in a pulsed high-field solenoid magnet. The optical imaging system employs a backilluminated, laser shadow photography technique. Object illumination and image captur ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 045111 (2008)] published Mon Apr 28, 2008.

Dual chopped photoreflectance spectroscopy for nondestructive characterization of semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures

Takashi Kita, Masahiro Yamada, and Osamu Wada
Photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy unaffected by photoluminescence and light scattering has been developed for performing precise characterization of the electronic band structure of semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures. Dual chopping of both the pump and probe lights eliminates the unexp ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 046110 (2008)] published Mon Apr 28, 2008.

A fast ramp rate thermally stimulated current technique to quantify electronic charge dynamics in thin films

Connie Lew and Michael O. Thompson
Thermally stimulated current (TSC) techniques have been applied to study thermally activated events in many materials. However, the temperature ramp rates in traditional TSC are typically too slow (few degrees per minute) to monitor materials whose properties are strongly time dependent. A fast ramp ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043906 (2008)] published Mon Apr 28, 2008.

The numerical mirage method for photothermal characterization of materials

Michael T. Demko, Stephen R. Hostler, and Alexis R. Abramson
Noncontact thermal measurement techniques offer rapid thermal characterization without modification or destruction of the sample being studied. A simple and versatile method has been developed, termed the numerical mirage method, that utilizes the transient photothermal deflection of a laser beam tr ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 044902 (2008)] published Mon Apr 28, 2008.

Angle-resolving time-of-flight electron spectrometer for near-threshold precision measurements of differential cross sections of electron-impact excitation of atoms and molecules

M. Lange, J. Matsumoto, A. Setiawan, R. Panajotovic, J. Harrison et al.
This article presents a new type of low-energy crossed-beam electron spectrometer for measuring angular differential cross sections of electron-impact excitation of atomic and molecular targets. Designed for investigations at energies close to excitation thresholds, the spectrometer combines a pulse ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043105 (2008)] published Mon Apr 28, 2008.

A novel gas-loading system for mechanically closing of various types of diamond anvil cells

Alexander Kurnosov, Innokenty Kantor, Tiziana Boffa-Ballaran, Sven Lindhardt, Leonid Dubrovinsky et al.
Loading of gases in diamond anvil cells is a complicated but necessary task to obtain hydrostatic conditions for high-pressure measurements. A simple in operation, safe, and universal gas-loading system has been designed and constructed. Innovations were introduced to simplify the loading procedure ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 045110 (2008)] published Fri Apr 25, 2008.

Development of a control system for pulsed-electron spin resonance spectrometers

Yukio Mizuta, Shunji Kazama, Yasunori Ohba, Naoko Sakai, Yukio Yamamoto et al.
A pulse control and data acquisition system with high time resolution of 300 ps and data-averaging rate of 100 kHz for a pulsed-ESR spectrometer was constructed. The system consists of two sets of 3.34 GHz data timing generator and a dual-channel analog-to-digital converter with 1 GHz samples, b ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 044705 (2008)] published Fri Apr 25, 2008.

Invited Review Article: Microwave spectroscopy based on scanning thermal microscopy: Resolution in the nanometer range

Ralf Meckenstock
Scanning thermal microscope-detected ferromagnetic resonance (SThM-FMR) combines a thermal near-field microscope with a FMR spectrometer and detects the thermal response due to resonant microwave absorption by measuring the resistivity change in the thermal nanoprobe. The advantage of this technique ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 041101 (2008)] published Thu Apr 24, 2008.

Perspective: Local ferromagnetic resonance measurement techniques: ``Invited Review Article: Microwave spectroscopy based on scanning thermal microscopy: Resolution in the nanometer range'' [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 041101 (2008)]

Nan Mo and Carl E. Patton
... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 040901 (2008)] published Thu Apr 24, 2008.

Precision sampling measurements using ac programmable Josephson voltage standards

A. Rufenacht, C. J. Burroughs, and S. P. Benz
We have performed a variety of precision measurements by comparing ac and dc waveforms generated by two independent ac programmable Josephson voltage standard (ACPJVS) systems. The objective of these experiments was to demonstrate the effectiveness of using a sampling digital voltmeter to measure sm ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 044704 (2008)] published Mon Apr 21, 2008.

Background removal in scanning tunneling spectroscopy of single atoms and molecules on metal surfaces

P. Wahl, L. Diekhoner, M. A. Schneider, and K. Kern
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy has developed into a powerful spectroscopic technique that has found wide application in the atomic scale characterization of the electronic properties of clean surfaces as well as adsorbates and defects at surfaces. However, it still lacks the standard methods for da ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043104 (2008)] published Mon Apr 21, 2008.

Novel in situ setup to study the formation of nanoparticles in the gas phase by small angle x-ray scattering

I. Shyjumon, M. Rappolt, B. Sartori, H. Amenitsch, and P. Laggner
An in-house built aerosol generator setup for in situ gas phase studies of aerosol and nanoparticles is described. The aerosol generator with an ultrasonic ceramic disk mist maker provides high enough particle concentrations for structural gas phase analysis by synchrotron small angle x-ray scatteri ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043905 (2008)] published Fri Apr 18, 2008.

Thermal effect on piezoelectric stick-slip actuator systems

J. W. Li, G. S. Yang, W. J. Zhang, S. D. Tu, and X. B. Chen
The piezoelectric stick-slip (PZT-SS) actuator is known to achieve motion with a theoretically unlimited range yet high resolution (several nanometers). In this type of actuator, friction plays an active role in producing a meaningful stick-slip motion. However, friction is a source of heat which ma ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 046108 (2008)] published Fri Apr 18, 2008.

Measurements of NO[sub x], acyl peroxynitrates, and NO[sub y] with automatic interference corrections using a NO[sub 2] analyzer and gas phase titration

James Hargrove and Jingsong Zhang
NO analyzers are much more valuable if they can also measure NO since the two (NO+NO=NO) are often found together. NO can be quantitatively converted to NO by reaction with ozone and subsequent thermal decomposition of the NO that may form from further oxidation. The conversion of NO, along with dec ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 046109 (2008)] published Fri Apr 18, 2008.

A charge coupled device camera with electron decelerator for intermediate voltage electron microscopy

Kenneth H. Downing and Paul E. Mooney
Electron microscopists are increasingly turning to intermediate voltage electron microscopes (IVEMs) operating at 300400 kV for a wide range of studies. They are also increasingly taking advantage of slow-scan charge coupled device (CCD) cameras, which have become widely used on electron microscope ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043702 (2008)] published Fri Apr 18, 2008.

Design and control of a nanoprecision XY Theta scanner

Young-Man Choi, Jung Jae Kim, Jinwoo Kim, and Dae-Gab Gweon
This paper describes the design and control of a nanoprecision XYTheta scanner consisting of voice coil motors and air bearing guides. The proposed scanner can be installed on a conventional XY stage with long strokes to improve the positioning accuracy and settling performance. Major design conside ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 045109 (2008)] published Fri Apr 18, 2008.

Twin optical traps for two-particle cross-correlation measurements: Eliminating cross-talk

M. Atakhorrami, K. M. Addas, and C. F. Schmidt
The correlated motions of two micron-sized particles reflect the (micro-) rheological properties of a fluid and can be conveniently detected using two optical traps in combination with interferometric displacement detection. When the correlations become small, cross-talk between the two beams become ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043103 (2008)] published Fri Apr 18, 2008.

Rapid qualitative phase analysis in highly textured thin films by x-ray diffraction

Cesare Borgia, Sven Olliges, and Ralph Spolenak
Phase analysis of highly out-of-plane textured specimens using x-ray diffraction is usually complicated due to the disappearance of most of the x-ray peaks in a common theta/2theta diffraction geometry. In this paper, we propose a technique, where powderlike spectra of textured samples are obtained ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043904 (2008)] published Thu Apr 17, 2008.

Vacuum ellipsometry as a method for probing glass transition in thin polymer films

Mikhail Yu. Efremov, Shauheen S. Soofi, Anna V. Kiyanova, Claudio J. Munoz, Peter Burgardt et al.
A vacuum ellipsometer has been designed for probing the glass transition in thin supported polymer films. The device is based on the optics of a commercial spectroscopic phase-modulated ellipsometer. A custom-made vacuum chamber evacuated by oil-free pumps, variable temperature optical table, and co ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043903 (2008)] published Thu Apr 17, 2008.